***The following page and its sister pages are fom the web site Christian Debater which provides a generous copyright permission and they can be found at www.BibleQuery.org.  and at http://inerrancy.org/ntmss.htm .  This article is well written and exceeds all others that write on this topic. It is being quoted completly on several pages under the title New Testament Mss. 1,2,3, & 4. Q: Where can we look at individual New Testament manuscripts ourselves? A: One of the best books for reading the actual Greek text, as well as discussion of the text, see The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts (A Corrected Enlarged Edition…) edited by Philip W. Comfort and David P. Barrett. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. 1999,2001. For seeing the actual manuscripts themselves, if you do not want to travel to various museums, you can see photocopies of many pages in Manuscripts of the Greek Bible : An Introduction to Palaeography by Bruce M. Metzger. Oxford University Press, Inc. 1981. If you want to see for a particular verse, the manuscript variations in different versions listed, a good source is The Greek New Testament : Fourth Revised Edition by Kurt Aland, Matthew Black, Carlo M. Martini, Bruce M. Metzger, and Allen Wikgren. United Bible Societies 1988. Q: How can we know the New Testament was translated reliably? A: We would have a problem if we did not have any Greek manuscripts of the original. However, we have over 5,000 Greek manuscripts, and if someone were to deliberately distort something in English (as the Jehovah’s Witnesses have), we can all see exactly where they distorted it. However that is not the end of the story. One could bring up the issue of how do we know we have a correct understanding of the Greek language? There are three independent ways that we know. 1. We have extensive references to the Old and New Testaments in Greek and Latin among the church fathers. They not only repeated what was in the Greek, they interpreted and explained it, and we can see how they understood the Greek. 2. We have many non-religious Greek manuscripts, and we can see how most of the words in the New Testament were used in everyday language. For example, a ship could be said to be "baptized" if it was sunk. 3. We have Bibles translated from Greek into other languages, including Coptic, Armenian, Georgian, and Latin. One of the more interesting ones is Gothic. This was actually made by an Arian heretic Ufilas. Being an Arian, one might think he would have a motive to either change the meaning, or at least use any Greek variants that had a meaning more favorable to his theology, yet, the meaning of his translation is identical to the Greek Bible with one notable exception. He did not translate the books of 1 and 2 Kings at all, because he thought the Goths were already too warlike. Q: How could an imperfect book come from a perfect God? As you read through the scriptures, there are a great number of footnotes that say that we can’t be sure if certain passages should be included. Christians are told that these problems exist because of alleged "copyist errors," and that the "original writings" of the Bible are perfect. But how does anyone know? We don’t have the original writings! A: God promised to preserve His word in Isaiah 55:10-11; 59:21; 1 Peter 1:24-25; Matthew 24:35. God is perfect, and a God of truth. Everything God said in the original manuscripts was true. Copyist errors do not affect the truth of what was originally said, copyist errors do not show an imperfect book came from a perfect God. When someone, such as myself, says the Bible is inerrant, they mean the Bible is without any error in the original manuscripts and without significant error (infallible) today. However, I think part of what you are really asking is how we can trust the message in a book that has copyist errors in it. According to my studies, we are certain of 97.3% of every word in the New Testament, but that still leaves 3,599 words, with the end of Mark (166 words) being the largest place of uncertainty. I believe we can be sure of the meaning God intended, because these uncertainties do not significantly change the meaning. (By the way, ever single teaching in the end of Mark is mentioned elsewhere, except the drinking of poison.) I have no problem with the end of Mark saying God is able to protect His obedient people when they drink poison, because God can protect people from poison, just as he can protect us from anything. However, the Bible also says we are not to test God in Matthew 5:7 and other places. God is not obligated to protect people who foolishly test Him. So in summary, I do not believe an omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent God of truth allowed His word to be messed up. Though the 2.7% is not very significant, we might still wonder why God even allowed that 2.7% variation. I suggest that perhaps God did that deliberately. Perhaps He did so to make clear that it is not the individual words that are important but the meaning and thrust of what was said. The Pharisees prided themselves on knowing the individual words of the Old Testament, yet they were not looking for the Messiah, they robbed widows instead of caring for the poor, and they loved money and prestige rather than God and people. Unfortunately, it is all to possible to do the same thing today, and this might be a reminder that if you think the goal is just knowing the words, this 2.7% shows your goal will never be perfectly realized and you are searching in the wrong place. Q: Is something true just because someone writes it down? Christians are often taught that the "manuscript evidence" proves the truthfulness of the Bible. More specifically, Christians are told that there are thousands of copies of manuscripts of the scriptures, and this somehow makes the Bible reliable. But how? Anyone could write something down, and produce thousands of copies of what they’ve written. Does that somehow make what they wrote down true? Of course not! A: Your observation is 100% valid. In establishing the truthfulness of our Bible today, you have to establish that it originally was God’s word, and has been preserved without significant error. Thus the manuscript evidence Christians talk about is necessary but not sufficient. Manuscripts are important to establish b), but they does not address a). When I have taught about the reliability of the Bible in Sunday school, I believe it is important to point out both aspects. Q: How are ancient manuscripts dated? A: Some, such as the John Rylands fragment (117-138 A.D.), were dated by mass spectrometer radiocarbon dating. Others are simple to date, because the author either wrote the date of writing, or mentioned a famous event (such as the start of a king’s reign). Many manuscripts are dated by the style of handwriting compared with documents of a known date (such as burial at Pompeii). In a few cases, the date of a corrector of a manuscript is known, so obviously the manuscript had to be earlier than that. In English, handwriting at the time of the American Revolution, handwriting at the time of Abraham Lincoln, and 100 years after that are very different. The grammar and words thou might use are different too. Likewise the way of forming Greek letters, and grammatical signs can date a manuscript sometimes within 50 years. Scribes switched from writing on scrolls to writing in books at the start of the 2nd century. The Magdalen manuscript of Matthew 26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-33 (3 fragments, each front and back) was in all capitals and part of a book. The handwriting is very similar to manuscripts buried at Pompeii and Herculaneum. Scholars debate this one, with dates from as early as 50-60 A.D., but we will go with the "book evidence" and follow Philip Comfort who dates it as the start of the 2nd century (100 A.D.). In a few cases there have been false leads though. Ways of writing some letters, thought to prove a manuscript was after a certain date, have been found in earlier manuscripts, subsequently discovered, with known dates. Older New Testament scholars tended to be fairly conservative with their results, so dates given in early and mid 20th century books tend to be either correct or a little late. Q: What is inadequate about many Christian’s knowledge of New Testament manuscripts? A: Many Christians (myself included) have taught something slightly outdated that goes like this. 117-138 A.D. John Rylands (still correct) 150-200 A.D. Bodmer II (p66) (92% of John) c.200 A.D. Chester Beatty (p45, p46, p47) (most of the New Testament) 325-350 A.D. Vaticanus (B) Most of the Old Testament and Matthew 1 - Hebrews 9:15 (still correct) 340-350 A.D. Sinaiticus (Aleph) Most of the Bible (still correct) A few other manuscripts dated 25 to 75 years later than they should be. One shortcoming of this approach is that in the last fifty years so many other early Bible manuscripts that have been found. A second shortcoming is that many other non-Biblical manuscripts have been found, that cause us to redate some of the manuscripts even earlier. Bodmer II has disagreement over the date. Comfort says mid 2nd century, Hunger says 100-150 A.D., and Turner says 200-250 A.D. Comfort gives an effective rebuttal to Turner’s reasons in the Complete Text of the New Testament Manuscripts p.367-368, and he is more cautious than Hunger. So this means Bodmer II is 125-175 A.D. Chester Beatty II (p45, p46, p47) is dated to 81-96 A.D. by Young Kyu Kim. Comfort dates this to early to mid 2nd century. Kenyon in 1936 dated it to 200-250 A.D., mainly on the stichiometric notes. (Comfort says the scribe was excellent and obviously a professional.). Wilcken in 1935 dated it to 200 A.D., but he only looked at one leaf However, Comfort provides extensive comparisons to other manuscripts, and while he cannot rule out Kim’s dating, dates Chester Beatty II to 100-150 A.D. Other notable facts are that p4 (of Luke) used to be dated 4th century, but is now mid second century. p104 (of Matthew) has been dated end of the 1st century to end of the 2nd century, but it is more likely early to mid 2nd century, about the same as John Rylands fragment of John 18:31-33,37-38. Q: What are the earliest fragmentary and complete manuscripts of the New Testament? A: Here is a list of most of them. It is important to note that some of these manuscripts were dated 70 years ago, but subsequent similar papyrii have shown that some of those dates were too conservative (late). many people are The dates are taken primarily from The Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts (Comfort 1999) and secondarily from Manuscripts of the Greek Bible (Metzger 1981) and The Greek New Testament 4th Revised Edition (Aland et al. 1993). Date Name Contents 117-138 A.D. or 110-125 A.D. (The Complete Text of the Earliest New Testament Manuscripts p.367) p52 (John Rylands) (= Papyrii Rylands 457) John 18:31-33, reverse side John 18:37-38 (5 verses) 100-150 A.D. p104 (=P. Oxyrhynchus 4404) Matthew 21:34-37,43,45(?) Matthew 21:44 was not originally present (5 verses) c.125 A.D. p87 - The handwriting is nearly identical to p46. Phm 13-15,24 (part),25b with gaps (4 verses) 100-150 A.D. (Comfort) 81-96 A.D. (Young Kyu Kim) p46 (=Chester Beatty II) It has 1,390 verses from Paul and 290 verses from Hebrews. This is 70% of the 2,389 verses in Paul and Hebrews. Romans 5:17-6:3; 6:5-14; 8:15-25,27-35; 8:37-9:32; 10:1-11:11; 11:24-33; 11:35-15:9; 15:11-16:27; Hebrews 1:1-9:16; 9:18-10:20,22-30; 10:32-13:25 (all but 3 verses); 1 Corinthians 1:1-9:2; 9:4-14:14; 14:16-15:15; 15:17-16:22 (all but 5 verses); 2 Corinthians 1:1-11:10,12-21; 11:23-13:13 (all but 3 verses); Ephesians 1:1-2:7; 2:10-5:6; 5:8-6:6, 8-18, 20-24 (all but 5 verses); Galatians 1:1-8; 1:10-2:9, 12-21; 3:2-29; 4:2-18; 4:20-5:17; 5:20-6:8, 10-18 (all but 9 verses); Philippians 1:1, 5-15, 17-28; 1:30-2:12, 14-17; 2:29-3:8, 10-21; 4:2-12, 14-23 (all but 20 verses); Colossians 1:1-2, 5-13, 16-24; 1:27-2:19; 2:23-3:11, 13-24; 4:3-12, 16-18 (all but 16 verses); 1 Thessalonians 1:1; 1:9-2:3; 5:5-9,23-28 100-150 A.D. (Hunger) or 125-175 A.D. (Philip Comfort and Barrett) c.200-250 A.D. (Turner due to broad delta, broad theta, narrow alpha, finial end on the crossbar of epsilon, apostrophe between double consonants like other third century manuscripts. However, we go with Hunger and Philip Comfort because second century manuscripts have been found with these features. This was discovered close to Nag Hamadi (second century). Hunger has found many late first and early second centuries manuscripts that are closer to p66 than 3rd century documents. p66 (Bodmer II + Inv. NR4274/4296) 808.5 verses, which is 92% of the 879 verses in John John 1:1-6:11; 6:35b-14:26, 29-30;15:2-26; 16:2-4, 6-7; 16:10-20:20; 20:22-23; 20:25-21:9, 12, 17. (John 7:53-8:11 was never present) c.170 A.D. 0212 Tatian’s Diatessaron (Harmony of the Gospels) Matthew 27:56; Mark 15:40; Luke 23:49b-c; Luke 23:54; Matthew 27:57; Mark 15:42; Matthew 27:57; Luke 23:50; Matthew 27:57; Luke 23:51b; Matthew 27:57; Luke 23:40; John 19:38; Matthew 27:57; Luke 23:51c; Luke 23:51a c.175 A.D. p90 (P. Oxyrhynchus 3523) John 18:36-19:7 (11 verses) 2nd century p98 (P.IFAO Inv. 237b [+a] Revelation 1:13-2:1 (9 verses) Mid to Late 2nd century p77 and p103 Matthew 23:30-39; Matthew 13:55-57; 14:3-5 (10 + 6 verses) 150-200 A.D. p32 (P. Rylands 5) probably from Oxyrhynchus Titus 1:1-15; 2:3-8 (21 verses)       Late 2nd / early 3rd century p38 (P. Michigan Inv. 1571) Acts 18:27-19:6, 12-16 Late 2nd / early 3rd century Uncial 0189 Acts 5:3-21 (earliest parchment of the N.T.) c.200 A.D. p1 (= p. Oxyrhynchus 2) Matthew 1:1-9,12,14-20; 2:14? (17 or 18 verses) Second century ca.200 A.D. (150-175 A.D.) Comfort and Barrett p64 (Magdalen) and p67. All agree these are from the same manuscript. (p67) Matthew 3:9,15; 5:20-22,25-28 (p64) Mt. 26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-33 (19 verses) Early to mid 2nd century In 1963 Aland dated it to the third century. However, if it is the same original as p64 and p67 then it would have to be early to mid 2nd century. p4 (the handwriting is the same as p64 and p67.) (Aland disagreed but never gave a reason.) Also, all three have an unusual abbreviation for "Jesus".). p4 was used as padding for a copy of Philo’s works that was hidden to avoid confiscation in either 292 A.D. or 303 A.D. The Philo Codex was written about 250 A.D. Luke 1:58-59; 1:62-2:1,6-7; 3:8-4:2,29-32,34-35; 5:3-8; 5:30-6:16 200-225 A.D. p29 Acts 26:7-8, 20 (3 verses) 175-225 A.D. (ca 175 A.D.) Comfort and Barrett p75 (=Bodmer 14/15) Luke 3:18-22; 3:33-4:2; 4:34-5:10; 5:37-6:4; 6:10-7:32; 7:35-39,41-43; 7:46-9:2; 9:4-17:15; 17:19-18:18; 22:4-24:53; John 1:1-11:45, 48-57; 12:3-13:1,8-9; 14:8-29;15:7-8 (1,166 verses) 200-225 A.D. p45 (=Chester Beatty I) Matthew 71 verses Mark 147 verses Luke 242 verses John 84 verses Acts 289 verses Much of Acts and the Gospels. Mt 20:24-32; 21:13-19; 25:41-26:39 [71 verses]; Mark 4:36-5:2; 5:16-26; 5:38-6:3; 2 letters of 6:15; 6:16-25, 36-50; 7:3-15; 7:25-8:1; 8:10-26; 8:34-9:8; 4 letters of 9:9; 9:18-31; 11:27-12:1; 12:5-8,13-19,24-28 [147 verses]; Luke 6:31-41; 6:45-7:7; 9:26-41; 9:45-10:1; 10:6-22; 10:26-11:1; 11:6-25, 28-46; 11:50-12:13 (12:9 was never written); 12:18-37; 12:42-13:1; 13:6-24; 13:29-14:10; 14:17-33 [242 verses]; John 4:51,54; 5:21,24; 10:7-25; 2 complete out of 16 letters of 10:30; 10:31-11:10; 11:18-36,42-57 [84 verses]. Acts 4:27-36; 5:10-20; (8 out of 33 letters in 5:21) 30-39; 6:7-7:2; 7:10-21; 7:32-41; 7:52-8:1; 8:14-15, 8:34-9:6; (8:37 was never written); 9:16-27; 9:35-10:2; 10:10-23, 31-41; 11:2-13; 11:24-12:6; 12:13-22; 13:6-16,25-36; 13:46-14:3; 14:15-23; 15:2-7,9-27; 15:38-16:4; 16:15-21,32-40; 17:9-17) At Acts 15:7 this scribe lost his place and repeated from Acts 15:2. [289 verses] Early 3rd century (ca.225 A.D.) p30 1 Thess. 4:12-13, 16-17; 5:3, 8-10, 12-18, 25-28; 2 Thess. 1:1-2; 2:1, 9-11 (25 verses) Early 3rd century p5 (=papyrus Oxyrhynchus 208 + 1781) John 1:23-31, 33-40; 16:14-30; 20:11-17, 19-20, 22-25 (47 verses) ca.200 A.D. (Comfort and Barrett) vs. 3rd century (Aland) p23 Urbana (=papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1229) James 1:10-12, 15-18 (7 verses) c.220 A.D. p48 (=Firenze bibl. Medicea Laurenziana; PSI 1165) Acts 23:11-17,25-29 (12 verses) 200-250 A.D p39 John 8:14-22 (9 verses) 225-250 A.D. p13 (p. Oxyrhynchus 657 + PSI 1292) Hebrews 2:14-5:5; 10:8-22; 10:29-11:13; 11:28-12:17 (114 verses) c.250 A.D. p22 (=papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1228) John 15:25-16:2; 16:21-32 (17 verses) 250-251 A.D. Severe Persecution by the Emperor Decius across the entire Roman Empire 285-300 A.D. p12 (P. Amherst 3b) Hebrews 1:1 (1 verse) 3rd century p9 (= papyrus Oxyrhynchus 402) 1 John 4:11-12, 14-17 (6 verses) 3rd century p20 (=papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1171) James 2:19-3:2; (6 out of 96 letters of 3:3); 3:4-9) (16 verses) 3rd century p27 + p40 (=papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1355) (p40) Rom 1:24-27,31-2:3; 3:21-4:8; 6:4-5; (9 out of 55 letters of 6:15), 6:16; 9:17,27. (p27) Rom 8:12-22,24-27,33-9:3; 9:5-9 3rd century p28 (=papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1596) John 6:8-12, 17-22 (11 verses) 3rd century p35 Matthew 25:12-15,20-23 (8 verses) 3rd century P Antinoopolis 2.54 Matthew 6:10-12 (Part of the Lord’s prayer) (2 verses) 3rd century p69 Luke 22:40, 45-48, 58-61. It never contained Luke 22:43-44 (9 verses) 3rd century p70 Matthew 2:13-16; 2:22-3:1; 11:26-27; 12:4-5; 24:3-6, 12-15 (19 verses) 3rd century p101 Matthew 3:10-12; 3:16-4:3 (8 verses) c.260 The date is based on similarities to Letters of Heroninos date c.260 A.D. p53 (=p. Michigan Inv. 6652) Matthew 26:29-40; Acts 9:33-38; 3 letters of the 124 letters in 9:39; 9:40-10:1 (23 verses) Mid 3rd century p37 Matthew 26:19-52 (34 verses) Mid 3rd century p49 + p65 (=Yale p.415+531 + Firenze. 1st. di Pap. G. Vitelli PSI XIV 1373) (p49) Eph 4:16-29; 4:31-5:13 (29 verses) (p65) 1 Th 1:3-2:1; 2:6-13 (19 verses) 250-300 A.D. p47 (=Chester Beatty III) Revelation 9:10-11:3; 11:5-16:15; 16:17-17:2 (125 verses) Late 3rd century p15/p16 (=p. Oxyrhynchus 1008/1009) (p15) 1 Cor 7:18-8:4; (p16) Php 3:10-17; 4:2-8 Late 3rd century p17 (= p. Oxyrhynchus.1078) Hebrews 9:12-19 (8 verses)       c.300 A.D. p72, somewhat similar handwriting to p50. 1 and 2 Peter have page numbers 1-35. Jude has page numbers 62-68. Also contains the Nativity of Mary, the apocryphal letter of Paul to the Corinthians, the 11th Ode of Solomon, Melito’s Homily on the Passover, part of a hymn, the Apology of Phileas, and Psalm 33 and 34. 1 Peter 1:1-5:14, 2 Peter 1:1-3:18 and Jude 1-25 (191 verses) (Every verse of those three books) c.300 A.D. p38 Acts 18:27-19:6, 12-16 (13 verses) ca.300 A.D. 0162 (P. Oxyrhynchus 847) John 2:11-22 (12 verses) ca.300 A.D. 0171 (PSI 2.124) Matthew 10:17-23,25-32; Luke 22:44-50,52-56,61,63-64 (30 verses) ca.300 A.D. 0220 (MS 113) Romans 4:23-5:3,8-13. 100% agrees with Vaticanus except Rom 5:1. (6 verses) ca.300 A.D. 0232 (P. Antinoopolis 12) 2 John 1-9 (9 verses) 3rd/4th century? p7 (=Kiev. Centr. Nauch. Bibl. F.301 (KDA) 553P) Lk 4:1-3 3rd/4th century p18 (=P. Oxyrhynchus 1079) Revelation 1:4-7 (4 verses) 3rd/4th century p35 (=Firenze. Bibl. Medicea Laurenziana; PSI 1) Matthew 25:12-15, 20-23 (8 verses) 3rd/4th century p37 (U Michigan Inv. 1570; P. Mich. 137) Matthew 26:19-52 (34 verses) 3rd/4th century Sinaitic Old Syriac Most of the four Gospels: Mt 1:1-6:10, 7:3-12:4; 12:6-25; 12:29-16:15; 18:11-20:24; 21:20-25:15; 25:17-20,25-26; 25:32-28:7; Mk 1:12-44; 2:21-4:17; 5:1-26; 6:5-16:18; Lk 1:36-5:28; 6:12-24:52; Jn 1:25-47; 2:16-4:37; 5:6-25; 5:46-18:31; 19:40-end). Lk 4:18-19,21; Jn 7:38; 12:38-40 3rd/4th century Curetonian Old Syriac   325-350 A.D. Vaticanus (B) Most of the Old Testament and all of the New up to Heb 9:15 (6,979 NT verses) 340-350 A.D. Sinaiticus (Aleph) Almost all of the New Testament and half of the Septuagint Old Testament 4th century p8 (Berlin Staatl. Mus. Inv.8683) Acts 4:31-37; 5:2-9; 6:1-6,8-15 (29 verses) 4th century p10 (=P. Oxyrhynchus 209) Rom 1:1-7 (7 verses) 4th century p24 (=P. Oxyrhynchus 1230) Revelation 5:5-8; 6:5-8 (8 verses) 4th century p62 (Oslo U. Inv.1661) Mt 11:25-30 (6 verses) 4th century p71 (=P. Oxyrhynchus 2385) Mt 19:10-11,17-18 (4 verses) Late 4th century p25 (=Berlin Staatl. Mus. Inv.16388) Mt 18:32-34; 19:1-3,5-7,9-10 (11 verses) 4th/5th century p21 (=P. Oxyrhynchus 1227) Mt 12:24-26,32-33 (5 verses) 4th/5th century p50 (=Yale p.1543) Acts 8:26-32; 10:26-31 (13 verses) 4th/5th century p57 (=Vienna, osterr Nat. Bibl p. G.26020 Acts 4:36-5:2; 5:8-10 (7 verses) c.400 A.D. p51 (=p. Oxyrhynchus 2157) Gal 1:2-10,13,16-20 400-450 A.D. Peshitta Syriac   500 A.D. Ethiopic Translation   507/508 A.D. Philoxeniana Syriac   5th century p14 (=p. Sinai II, Harris 14) 1 Cor 1:25-27; 2:6-8; 3:8-10,20 (10 verses) 5th century Earliest Sahidic Coptic   ca.600 A.D. p26 (= P. Oxyrhynchus 1354) (SMU Bridwell Libr.) Rom 1:1-16 (16 verses) 5th/6th century p54 (Princeton U. Lib Garrett 7742, P. Princeton 15) James 2:16-18,21-26; 3:2-4 5th/6th century p56 (=Vienna, Osterr nat. bibl p. G.19918) Acts 1:1,4-5,7,10-11 (6 verses) 6th century p2 (=Firenze. Mus. Egizio Inv. 7134) John 12:12-15 (4 verses) 6th/7th century p3 (= Vienna Osterr. Nat. Bibli. Pap. G 2323) Lk 7:36-45; 10:38-42 (15 verses) 6th/7th century p43 (=London British Library inv.2241) Rev 2:12-13; 15:8-16:2 (5 verses) 6th/7th century p44a (N.Y. Metro. Museum of Art Inv.14.1 527 1 fol.) John 10:8-14 (7 verses) 6th/7th century p44b (N.Y. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Inv 14.1 527) Mt 17:1-3,6-7; 18:15-17,19; 25:8-10; John 9:3-4; 12:16-18 6th/7th century p55 (Vienna osterr Nat. Bibl. p. G.26214) John 1:31-33,35-38 7th century p11 1 Cor 1:17-22; 2:9-12,14; 3:1-3,5-6; 4:3-5:5; 5:7-8; 6:5-9,11-18; 7:3-6, 10-14 7th/8th century p42 Lk 1:54-55; 2:29-32 8th century p41 Acts 17:28-18:2; 18:17-18,22-25,27; 19:1-4,6-8,13-16,18-19; 20:9-13,15-16,22-24,26-38; 21:1-4,26-27; 22:11-14,16-17